ABSTRACT
The present study investigated whether late maternal inflammation disrupts the mother/pup interaction, resulting in long-lasting effects on pup behavior and alterations in biological pathways, thereby programming prepubertal behavior and the pups' inflammatory responses after bacterial endotoxin treatment. Female rats received 100 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or .9% saline solution on gestation day 18. Reproductive performance was observed at birth. On lactation days (LD) 5 and LD 6, respectively, maternal behavior and maternal aggressive behavior were assessed. In pups, maternal odor preference on LD 7, open field behavior on LD 21, and serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels after LPS challenge on LD 21 were investigated. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure improved maternal care and reduced maternal aggressive behavior but did not alter maternal reproductive performance. Male offspring exhibited increased body weights at birth and reduced maternal odor preference. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the duration of immobility in the open field and induced a slight increase in serum TNF-α levels. Prenatal exposure to LPS during late pregnancy improved maternal care, reduced maternal olfactory preference, and induced TNF-α hyporesponsiveness to a single dose of LPS in pups.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Maternal Behavior , Prenatal Injuries , Reproduction , Olfactory PerceptionABSTRACT
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar funcionalmente os macrófagos lácteos nonelicited presentes por meio de testes de fagocitose, espraiamento e liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram colhidas 56 amostras de leite de 15 búfalas hígidas e mensuradas acontagem de células somáticas total e diferencial, a viabilidade celular,os testes de fagocitose, de espraiamento e a liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio. Dessas variáveis obteve-se respectivamente média de14.500 cél/mL de leite; com mediana de 4,33 de linfócitos e médias e desvios padrão de 50,77 + 18,28 de células da série monócito/macrófago e 32,13 + 19,27 de polimorfonucleares. A viabilidadedas células na suspensão foi 66,8 +15,8 e os índices de fagocitose e espraiamento foram 30,1 + 16,9 e 58,5 +13,3. Não houve diferençaentre a liberação de H2O2 espontânea e induzida por PMA. Concluiu-se que os macrófagos presentes no leite de búfalas hígidas e espraiaram significativamente, além de apresentarem correlação com outro marcador de ativação celular, no caso, a liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio; mais da metade dos macrófagos aderidos fagocitaram partículas de zymosan; os fagócitos mantêm sua capacidade de liberar peróxido de hidrogênio, espontaneamente ou não, em grau máximo,com uma significativa variação entre amostras.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the functioning ofnonelicited dairy macrophages present in phagocytosis, spreading and hydrogen peroxide release tests. Fifty-six samples of milk were collected from 15 healthy buffaloes. Total and differential somatic cell counts, cell viability, and indexes of phagocytosis, spreading and hydrogen peroxide release were assessed. The following values were obtained: mean of 14,500 cells/mL of milk, with median equal to 4.33 of lymphocytes; mean and standard deviation equal to 50.77 + 18.28 of monocytes / macrophages and 32.13 + 19.27 polymorphouclear cells. Mean viability of cells in suspension was 66.8 +15.8; phagocytosis and spreading indexes were equal to 30.1 + 16.9 and58.5 +13.3, respectively. There was no difference between the spontaneous release of H2O2 and the one induced by PMA. It was concluded that nonelicited macrophages present in the milk of healthy buffaloes were significantly capable to spread and phagocyte. Phagocytes presented the ability to release hydrogen peroxide either spontaneously or not, in a maximum level and with a significant variation between samples.